How to Reformat a personal Computer?

How to Reformat a personal Computer?

Steps to reformat a personal computer

1. Start your pc and press key F2, F12 or delete key (Depends on your PC model). 

Your PC BIOS settings will be displayed. Find boot menu. In boot device priority select CD-ROM as first boot device.

To create a partition

What is disk partitioning?

Disk partitioning is the creation of one or more regions on a  hard disk or other secondary storage, so that an operating system  can manage information in each region separately.

Partitioning is typically the first step of preparing a newly manufactured disk, before any files or directories have been created. 

Remember:

1 KB = thousand bytes

1 MB   = million bytes

1 GB   = billion bytes

1 TB   = trillion bytes

Remember:

1 KB = 1024 bytes

1 MB   = 1024 KB

1 GB   = 1024 MB

1 TB   = 1024 GB

Original size/capacity = 40995 MB

P1   - 50 % = _________

P2 - 50 % = _________

Original size/capacity = 40995 MB

P1   - 25 % = 10249

P2 - 75 % = 30746

Original size/capacity = 40995 MB

P1   - 25 GB = 25 x 1024

P2 - 25  % = 40995 x .25

P3 - The rest

Original size/capacity = 40995 MB

P1   - 25 GB = 25600

P2 - 25  % = 10249

P3 - The rest

source: none :))

Steps to reformat a personal personal computer

HOW TO SHARE FILE AND PRINTER IN A COMPUTER NETWORK

HOW TO SHARE FILE AND PRINTER IN A COMPUTER NETWORK

Just because you have more than one computer doesn't mean you have to have a printer for each computer [Spector, Strohmeyer]. We will now show you how to share a printer between several computers on a network in Windows 7.

Before sharing your printer, you have to set up File and printer sharing. Here's how to set up File and printer sharing:

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Select Control Panel from the popup list. Type the word network in the search box.
3. Click on Network and Sharing Center.
4. Click on Change advanced shared settings, in the left pane.
5. Click on the down arrow, which will expand the network profile.
6. Select File and printer sharing and choose Turn on file and printer sharing.
7. Click on Save changes.

You're now ready to share your printer.

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Click on Devices and Printers, from the popup list.
3. Right click the printer you want to share. A dropdown list will appear.
4. Select Printer properties from the dropdown list.
5. Click on the Sharing tab
6. Select the Share this printer check box.
7. Click Apply.
8. Click OK.

In order for other people to connect to the printer, they just have to add the network printer that you just opened for sharing to their computers. Here's how to do this.

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Click on Devices and Printers from the popup list.
3. Select Add a printer.
4. Click on Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
5. Click the shared printer.
6. Click Next. Continue according to the instructions on the screen [source: Microsoft].

Sharing File on a Network (SERVER)

1. Place the file inside the folder

2. Right click the folder

3. Click Properties 

4. Click Sharing

5. Click share this folder on the network.

6. Click Apply

7. Click OK

Checking the File (CLIENT)

1. Click Start Button
2. Click Run
3. then type" [IP ADDRESS SERVER]

Sharing Printer on a network (SERVER)

1. Click Control Panel
2. Click Add Printer
3. Right Click Printer
4. Click Sharing
5.Click Share this Printer
6. Click Apply
7. Click Ok

Connecting Printer on a Network (CLIENT)

1. Click Run

2. Then type [ IP ADDRESS OF SERVER]

3. Double click Printers and Faxes

4. Right click Printer

5. Click connect

SOURCE; https://computer.howstuffworks.com/share-printer-home-network-windows

What is a network or IP address?

NETWORK ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESS- It is more commonly known as "IP address"

 What does Network Address mean?

Network address is any logical or physical address that uniquely distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network. It is a numeric/symbolic number or address that is assigned to any device that seeks access to or is part of a network.

Network address it is the numeric address of a computer connected to the network. 

Is a set of numbers called a "octets" or "dotted decimal" notation, that identifies any network device.

                                                   ex.  → 172.16.254.1

IP - INTERNET PROTOCOL

ex. → 192.168.1.1

A network address is a key networking technology component that facilitates identifying a network node/device and reaching a device over a network. It has several forms, including the Internet Protocol (IP) address, media access control (MAC) address and host address. It

Computers on a network use a network address to identify, locate and address other computers. Besides individual devices, a network address is typically unique for each interface; for example, a computer's Wi-Fi and local area network (LAN) card has separate network addresses.

A network address is also known as the numerical network part of an IP address. This is used to distinguish a network that has its own hosts and addresses. For example, in the IP address 192.168.1.0, the network address is 192.168.1.


A network address is an identifier for a node or host on a telecommunications network. Network addresses are designed to be unique identifiers across the network, although some networks allow for local, private addresses or locally administered addresses that may not be unique.[1] Special network addresses are allocated as broadcast or multicast addresses. These too are not unique.

The network address is the first address in a range of IP addresses and is used to communicate with all network devices on a particular network. The network address contains zeroes in the host portion of the IP address.


The network address is important to network equipment, to routers and to routing. Network addresses are used to represent destination networks in routing table.

IP VERSIONS

1. IPv4 - IP Version 4

-Is the standard version

2. IPv6 - IP Version 6

-Is the advance version

An IPv4 address (dotted-decimal notation)

        172        -       16       -      254        -     1 

           ↓                   ↓                  ↓               ↓

10101100         00010000     11111110     00000001

       ↓                        ↓                  

one byte              Eight bits

      ↓                          ↓                   ↓                 ↓

Thirty- two (4x8) or 4 bytes

128   64  32  16  8  4  21 

CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS

192.168.1.1 - CLASS C

CLASS A - 1 to 126

CLASS B - 128 to 191

CLASS C - 192 to 226

CLASS D - 224 to 239

CLASS E - 245 to 255

Note: 

127- loop back function of a network 

CLASS D - Is for multiplications 

CLASS E - Reserved for future or experiment purposes.

100.168.2.1 

example of Class A IP address

190.3.0.1

example of Class B IP address

CREATING IP ADDRESS 

1. Right click "My Network Pences"

2.Click "Properties"

3. Right Click " Local Area Connection"

4. Click "Properties"

5. Click "TCP/ IP"

6. Click m"Properties"

→ 0 obatain an IP address antomaticanccy 

0 MVe the following IP address:

IP Address 

Subnet Masve 

7. Click OK

IP CONFIGURATION

1. Click "Start button"

2. Click "Run"

3. Type "CMO"

4. Type "Inconfig"

5. Type " Ping (IP ADDRESS)"

Sources:

https://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/ip/addresses/network_address.shtml

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/20969/network-address

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address

https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/ccna-study-guide/network-address-basic-concepts-explained-with-examples.html

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK?

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network.

Introduction to LANs, WANs, and Other Kinds of Area Networks

Common types of area networks are:

1. LAN - Local Area Network

                                                 LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.

LANs are typically used for single sites where people need to share resources among themselves but not with the rest of the outside world. Think of an office building where everybody should be able to access files on a central server or be able to print a document to one or more central printers. Those tasks should be easy for everybody working in the same office, but you would not want somebody just walking outside to be able to send a document to the printer from their cell phone! If a local area network, or LAN, is entirely wireless, it is referred to as a wireless local area network or WLAN.

2. PAN - Personal Area Network

                                            PAN (PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)

A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices.

This type of network provides great flexibility. For example, it allows you to:

• Send a document to the printer in the office upstairs while you are sitting on the couch with your laptop.
• Upload a photo from your cell phone to your desktop computer.
• Watch movies from an online streaming service to your TV.

3. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

 

                                             MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)

A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site. Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area from several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to connect several LANs together to form a bigger network. When this type of network is specifically designed for a college campus, it is sometimes referred to as a campus area network, or CAN.

4. WAN  - Wide Area Network

A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN.

Sources:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-networks-lan-wan-wlan-man-san-pan-epn-vpn.html

https://www.lifewire.com/lans-wans-and-other-area-networks-817376

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5079/personal-area-network-pan

What are the types of Cables?

Introduction to Network Cables

Despite advances in wireless technologies, many computer networks in the 21st century still rely on cables as a physical medium for devices to transfer data. Several standard types of network cables exist, each designed for specific purposes.

Types of Cables:

Twisted-pair Cable

• STP- Shielded Twisted Pair
• UTP- Unshielded Twisted Pair 

Coaxial Cable 

Fiber-optic Cable

                                                                                                                                                                

~Twisted Pair Cables ~

Twisted pair eventually emerged during the 1990s as the leading cabling standard for Ethernet, starting with 10 Mbps (10BASE-T, also known as Category 3 or Cat3), later followed by improved versions for 100 Mbps (100BASE-TX, Cat5, and Cat5e) and successively higher speeds up to 10 Gbps (10GBASE-T). Ethernet twisted pair cables contain up to eight (8) wires wound together in pairs to minimize electromagnetic interference


Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry standards have been defined: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Modern Ethernet cables use UTP wiring due to its lower cost, while STP cabling can be found in some other types of networks such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Often used in “noisy” environments where a shield of metallic foil is wrapped around each of the wire pairs, with an additional overall shielding to protect against excessive electromagnetic interference.

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

               Is the most common form of twisted pair wiring.  It is less expensive and easier to work with than STP.

               Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are widely used in the computer and telecommunications industry as Ethernet cables and telephone wires.

~Coaxial Cable~

     The standard media used by cable TV operators.

     It consists of a plastic insulator that separates the solid copper inner conductor and the woven, copper braid outer conductor.

Coaxial cable, or coax , is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis.

~Fiber-optic Cable~

has a reflective coating that allows light beams to travel without outer interference.

An optical fiber cable, also known as a fiber optic cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.

Difference Between Straight Through and Crossover Cable

Ethernet cables can be wired as straight through or crossover. The straight through is the most common type and is used to connect computers to hubs or switches. They are most likely what you will find when you go to your local computer store and buy a patch cable. Crossover cable is more commonly used to connect a computer to a computer and may be a little harder to find since they aren’t used nearly as much as straight through cable. Then, what’s the difference between them? Difference between straight through and crossover cables will be introduced in this blog.

T568A And T568B Wiring Standard Basis
A RJ45 connector is a modular 8 position, 8 pin connector used for terminating Cat5e or Cat6 twisted pair cable. A pinout is a specific arrangement of wires that dictate how the connector is terminated. There are two standards recognized by ANSI, TIA and EIA for wiring Ethernet cables. The first is the T568A wiring standard and the second is T568B. T568B has surpassed 568A and is seen as the default wiring scheme for twisted pair structured cabling. If you are unsure of which to use, choose 568B.

What Is Straight Through Cable?
A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes called a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends use T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight through cable of which both ends are wired as the T568B standard.

What Is Crossover Cable?
An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly. Unlike straight through cable, crossover cables use two different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Choose a Straight Through or Crossover Cable?
Usually, straight through cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices. And crossover cables are use for connecting unlike devices alike devices.
Use straight through cable for the following cabling:

• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

• Switch to switch
• Switch to hub
• Hub to hub
• Router to router
• Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
• PC to PC

Conclusion
Straight through and crossover cables are wired differently from each other. One easy way to tell what you have is to look at the order of the colored wires inside the RJ45 connector. If the order of the wires is the same on both ends, then you have a straight through cable. If not, then it’s most likely a crossover cable or was wired wrong. At present, the straight through cable is much more popular than crossover cable and is widely used by people. FS.COM provides a full range straight through Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a and Cat7 Ethernet patch cables with many lengths and colors options. Look for Ethernet patch cables, just come to FS.COM!

Sources:

https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-network-cables-817868
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13454/unshielded-twisted-pair-cable-utp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable

http://www.cables-solutions.com/difference-between-straight-through-and-crossover-cable.html

What are the Types of Network Topology?

Types of Network Topology

Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.

Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate is determined by the network's topology.Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate is determined by the network's topology.

Network Topology refers to the layout of a network and how different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they communicate. Topologies are either physical (the physical layout of devices on a network) or logical (the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next). This Webopedia Study Guide describes five of the most common network topologies. 

BUS Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Features of Bus Topology

• It transmits data only in one direction.
• Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

• It is cost effective.
• Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
• Used in small networks.
• It is easy to understand.
• Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

• Cables fails then whole network fails.
• If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
• It is slower than the ring topology.

RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Features of Ring Topology

• A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
• The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
• In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.
• Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through each node of the network, till the destination node.

Advantages of Ring Topology

• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
• Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

• Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
• Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
• Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

STAR Topology

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Features of Star Topology

• Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
• Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
• Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
• Easy to setup and modify.
• Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

• Cost of installation is high.
• Expensive to use.
• If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
• Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :

1. Routing
2. Flooding

MESH Topology: Routing

In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements. Like routing logic to direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance. Or, routing logic which has information about the broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can even have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes.

MESH Topology: Flooding

In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required. The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.

Types of Mesh Topology

Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.

Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

Features of Mesh Topology

• Fully connected.
• Robust.
• Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

• Each connection can carry its own data load.
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

• Installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cabling cost is more.
• Bulk wiring is required.

HYBRID Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology). 




Features of Hybrid Topology

• It is a combination of two or topologies
• Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

• Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
• Effective.
• Scalable as size can be increased easily.
• Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

• Complex in design.
• Costly.

Sources:

https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/network-topology-types

https://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/topologies.asp